The National Autonomous University of Mexico (Spanish: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, - literal translation: Autonomous National University of Mexico, UNAM) is the largest university in Latin America. As a public research university in Mexico City, UNAM is regarded by many university world rankings as the leading university of the Spanish-speaking world. UNAM was founded, in its modern form, on 22 September 1910 by Justo Sierra as a liberal alternative to its predecessor, the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico. To this date, the National Autonomous University of Mexico owns and uses for academic activities the old buildings located in downtown Mexico City that once belonged to the old Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico. UNAM's autonomy, granted in 1929, has given it the freedom to define its own curriculum and manage its own budget without interference from the government. This has had a profound effect on academic life at the university, which some claim boosts academic freedom and independence.
The UNAM generates a number of different publications in diverse areas, such as mathematics, physics and history.
Besides being one of the most recognized universities in Latin America and the Spanish-speaking world in general, its campus is one of the largest and most artistically detailed. It is a UNESCO World Heritage site that was designed by some of Mexico's best-known architects of the 20th century. Murals in the main campus were painted by some of the most recognized artists in Mexican history, such as Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siqueiros.
Maps, Directions, and Place Reviews
History
The university was founded on 22 September 1910 by Justo Sierra, then Minister of Education in the Porfirio Díaz regime, who sought to create a very different institution from its 19th-century precursor, the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico, which had been founded on 21 September 1551 by a royal decree signed by Crown Prince Phillip on behalf of Charles I of Spain and brought to a definitive closure in 1865 by Maximilian I of Mexico. Instead of reviving what he saw as an anachronistic institution with strong ties to the Roman Catholic Church, he aimed to create a new university, secular in nature and national in scope, that could reorganize higher education within the country, serve as a model of positivism and encompass the ideas of the dominant Mexican liberalism.
The project initially unified the Fine Arts, Business, Political Science, Jurisprudence, Engineering, Medicine, Normal, and the National Preparatory schools; its first rector was Joaquin Eguía y Lis.
The new university's challenges were mostly political, due to the ongoing Mexican Revolution and the fact that the federal government had direct control over the university's policies and curriculum; some resisted its establishment on philosophical grounds. This opposition led to disruptions in the function of the university when political instability forced resignations in the government, including that of President Díaz. Internally, the first student strike occurred in 1912 to protest examination methods introduced by the director of the School of Jurisprudence, Luis Cabrera. By July of that year, a majority of the law students decided to abandon the university and join the newly created Free School of Law.
In 1914 initial efforts to gain autonomy for the university failed. In 1920, José Vasconcelos became rector. In 1921, he created the school's coat-of-arms: the image of an eagle and a condor surrounding a map of Latin America, from Mexico's northern border to Tierra del Fuego, and the motto, "The Spirit shall speak for my race". Efforts to gain autonomy for the university continued in the early 1920s. In the mid-1920s, the second wave of student strikes opposed a new grading system. The strikes included major classroom walkouts in the law school and confrontation with police at the medical school. The striking students were supported by many professors and subsequent negotiations eventually led to autonomy for the university. The institution was no longer a dependency of the Secretariat of Public Education; the university rector became the final authority, eliminating much of the confusing overlap in authority.
During the early 1930s, the rector of UNAM was Manuel Gómez Morín. The government attempted to implement socialist education at Mexican universities, which Gómez Morín, many professors, and Catholics opposed as an infringement on academic freedom. Gómez Morín with the support of the Jesuit-founded student group, the Unión Nacional de Estudiantes Católicos, successfully fought against socialist education. UNAM supported the recognition of the academic certificates by Catholic preparatory schools, which validated their educational function. In an interesting turn of events, UNAM played an important role in the founding of the Jesuit institution in 1943, the Universidad Iberoamericana in 1943. However, UNAM opposed initiatives at the Universidad Iberoamericana in later years, opposing the establishment of majors in industrial relations and communications.
In 1943 initial decisions were made to move the university from the various buildings it occupied in the city center to a new and consolidated university campus; the new Ciudad Universitaria (lit. University City) would be in San Ángel, to the south of the city. The first stone laid was that of the faculty of Sciences, the first building of Ciudad Universitaria. President Miguel Alemán Valdés participated in the ceremony on 20 November 1952. The University Olympic Stadium was inaugurated on the same day. In 1957 the Doctorate Council was created to regulate and organize graduate studies.
Another major student strike, again over examination regulations, occurred in 1966. Students invaded the rectorate and forced the rector to resign. The Board of Regents did not accept this resignation, so the professors went on strike, paralyzing the university and forcing the Board's acceptance. In the summer, violent outbreaks occurred on a number of the campuses of the university's affiliated preparatory schools; police took over a number of high school campuses, with injuries.
Students at UNAM, along with other Mexico City universities, mobilized in what has come to be called Mexico 68, protests against the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, but also a whole array of political and social tensions. During August 1968, protests formed on the main campus against the police actions on the main campus and in the center of the city. The protests grew into a student movement that demanded the resignation of the police chief, among other things. More protests followed in September, gaining frequency and numbers. During a meeting of the student leaders, the army fired on the Chihuahua building in Tlatelolco, where the student organization supposedly was. In the Tlatelolco massacre, the police action produced with many dead, wounded and detained. Protests continued after that. Only ten days later, the 1968 Olympic Games opened at the University Stadium. The university was shut down for the duration. Finally, some progress was made toward restoring order.
The 1970s and 1980s saw the opening of satellite campuses in other parts of Mexico and nearby areas, to decentralize the system. There were some minor student strikes, mostly concerning grading and tuition.
The last major student strike at the university occurred in 1999-2000 when students shut down the campus for almost a year to protest a proposal to charge students the equivalent of US$150 per semester for those who could afford it. Referendums were held by both the university and the strikers, but neither side accepted the others' results. Acting on a judge's order, the police stormed the buildings held by strikers on 7 February 2000, putting an end to the strike.
In 2009 the university was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities and began the celebration of its centennial anniversary with several activities that will last until 2011.
The UNAM has actively included minorities into different educational fields, as in technology. In 2016, the university adopted United Nations platforms throughout all of its campuses to support and empower women.
National Autonomous University Of Mexico Address Video
Campuses
University City
"Ciudad Universitaria" (University City) is UNAM's main campus, located within the Coyoacán borough in the southern part of Mexico City. It was designed by architects Mario Pani, Enrique del Moral, Domingo García Ramos, Armando Franco Rovira, Ernesto Gómez Gallardo and others, and it encloses the Estadio Olímpico Universitario, about 40 schools and institutes, the Cultural Center, an ecological reserve, the Central Library, and a few museums. It was built during the 1950s on an ancient solidified lava bed to replace the scattered buildings in downtown Mexico City, where classes were given. It was completed in 1954, and is almost a separate region within Mexico City, with its own regulations, councils, and police (to some extent), in a more fundamental way than most universities around the world.
In June 2007, its main campus, Ciudad Universitaria, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Satellite campuses
Apart from Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM has several campuses in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (Acatlán, Aragón, Cuautitlán, Iztacala, and Zaragoza), as well as many others in several locations across Mexico (in Santiago de Querétaro, Morelia, Mérida, Sisal, Ensenada, Cuernavaca, Temixco and Leon), mainly aimed at research and graduate studies. Its Center of Teaching for Foreigners has a campus in Taxco, in the southern Mexican state of Guerrero, focusing in Spanish language and Mexican culture for foreigners, as well as locations in the upscale neighborhood of [Polanco] in central Mexico City.
The University has extension schools in the United States, and Canada, focusing on the Spanish language, English language, Mexican culture, and, in the case of UNAM Canada, French language: UNAM San Antonio, Texas; UNAM Los Angeles, California; UNAM Chicago, Illinois; Gatineau, Quebec; and Seattle, Washington.
It operates Centers for Mexican Studies and/or Centers of Teaching for Foreigners in Beijing, China (jointly with the Beijing University of Foreign Studies); Madrid, Spain (jointly with the Cervantes Institute); San Jose, Costa Rica (jointly with the University of Costa Rica); and due to open soon in: Paris, France (jointly with Paris-Sorbonne University) and in Northridge, California, United States (jointly with the California State University Northridge).
Museums and buildings of interest
Palacio de Minería
Under the care of the School of Engineering, UNAM, the Colonial Palace of Mining is located in the historical center of Mexico City. Formerly the School of Engineering, it has three floors, and hosts the International Book Expo ("Feria Internacional del Libro" or "FIL") and the International Day of Computing Security Congress ("DISC"). It also has a permanent exhibition of historical books, mostly topographical and naturalist works of 19th-century Mexican scientists, in the former library of the School of Engineers. It also contains several exhibitions related to mining, the prime engineering occupation during the Spanish colonization. It is considered to be one of the most significant examples of Mexican architecture of its period, conceived by Manuel Tolsa during de Spanish colonial rule in a neoclassical style (18th century).
Casa del Lago
The House of the Lake, in Chapultepec Park, is a place devoted to cultural activities, including dancing, theater, and ballet. It also serves as meeting place for university-related organizations and committees.
Museum of San Ildefonso
This museum and cultural center is considered to be the birthplace of the Mexican muralism movement. San Ildefonso began as a prestigious Jesuit boarding school, and after the Reform War, it gained educational prestige again as National Preparatory School, which was closely linked to the founding of UNAM. This school, and the building, closed completely in 1978, then reopened as a museum and cultural center in 1994, administered jointly by UNAM, the National Council for Culture and Arts and the government of the Federal District of Mexico City. The museum has permanent and temporary art and archaeological exhibitions, in addition to the many murals painted on its walls by José Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera and others. The complex is located between San Ildefonso Street and Justo Sierra Street in the historic center of Mexico City.
Chopo University Museum
The Chopo University Museum possesses an artistic architecture, large crystal panels and two iron towers designed by Gustave Eiffel. It opened with part of the collection of the now-defunct Public Museum of Natural History, Archeology and History, which eventually became the National Museum of Cultures. It served the National Museum of Natural History for almost 50 years, and is now devoted to the temporary exhibitions of visual arts.
National Astronomical Observatory
The National Astronomical Observatory is located in the Sierra San Pedro Mártir mountain range in Baja California, about 130 km south of United States-Mexican border. It has been in operation since 1970, and it currently has three large reflecting telescopes.
Organization
UNAM is organized in schools or colleges, rather than departments. Both undergraduate and graduate studies are available. UNAM is also responsible for the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria (ENP) (National Preparatory School), and the Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades (CCH) (Science and Humanities College), which consist of several high schools, in Mexico City. Counting ENEP, CCH, FES (Facultad de Estudios Superiores), higher-secondary, undergraduate and graduate students, UNAM has over 324,413 students, making it one of the world's largest universities.
Schools and Colleges
UNAM has a set of schools covering different academic fields such as "engineering" or "law". All of UNAM's schools offer undergraduate and graduate studies (master's degrees and PhDs). However, the schools that UNAM calls "national schools" only offer undergraduate studies, as this type of school is mainly focused on practical experience. This is the case of the National School of Nursing and Obstetrics, and the National School of Social Work.
List of schools, and institutes
- Schools (all of these offer undergraduate and graduate degrees)
- School of Accounting and Administration
- School of Architecture
- School of Arts and Design
- School of Chemistry
- School of Economics
- School of Engineering
- School of High Studies (FES) Acatlán
- School of High Studies (FES) Aragón
- School of High Studies (FES) Cuautitlán
- School of High Studies (FES) Iztacala
- School of High Studies (FES) Zaragoza
- Law School
- School of Medicine
- School of Music
- School of Odontology
- School of Philosophy and Letters
- School of Political and Social Sciences
- School of Psychology
- School of Sciences
- School of Veterinarian Medicine and Animal Science
- National Schools (only have undergraduate degrees)
- National School of Nursing and Obstetrics
- National School of Social Work
- National Preparatory School (with 9 high schools)
- National School of High Studies Morelia (in the state of Michoacan)
- National School of High Studies León (in the state of Guanajuato)
- National School 'College of Sciences and Humanities' (with 5 high schools)
Academics
Research
UNAM has excelled in many areas of research. The university houses many of Mexico's premiere research institutions. In recent years, it has attracted students and hired professional scientists from all over the world, most notably from Russia, India, and the United States, creating a unique and diverse scientific community.
Scientific research at UNAM is divided between faculties, institutes, centers and schools, and covers a range of disciplines in Latin America. Some notable UNAM institutes include: the Institute of Astronomy, the Institute of Biotechnology, the Institute of Nuclear Sciences, the Institute of Ecology, the Institute of Physics, Institute of Renewable Energies, the Institute of Cell Physiology, the Institute of Geophysics, the Institute of Engineering, the Institute of Materials Research, the Institute of Chemistry, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and the Applied Mathematics and Systems Research Institute.
Research centers tend to focus on multidisciplinary problems particularly relevant to Mexico and the developing world, most notably, the Center for Applied Sciences and Technological Development, which focuses on connecting the sciences to real-world problems (e.g., optics, nanosciences), and Center for Energy Research, which conducts world-class research in alternative energies.
All research centers are open to students from around the world. The UNAM holds a number of programs for students within the country, using scientific internships to encourage research in the country.
UNAM's scientific output continues to grow; despite numerous attempts by the Mexican government to curtail its budget, the university currently produces 60% of all scientific publications in Mexico.
As for basic sciences, UNAM currently has two Howard Hughes Medical Institute Scholars and an endowment from the NIH extramural research program.
Students and faculty
Sports, clubs, and traditions
Professional football club
UNAM's football club, Club Universidad Nacional, participates in Liga MX, the top division of Mexican football. The club recently became two-time consecutive champions of the Apertura, and the Clausura in 2004. Their home ground is the Estadio Olímpico Universitario.
Pumas Volleyball Team
UNAM's volleyball team, Pumas, has had great success on a national and international level. The manager for Mexico's representative volleyball team is from Pumas, and several players representing Mexico are also UNAM students and alumni. They played in the Olympics at Rio.
Cultural traditions
The university has an annual tradition to make a large display of Day of the Dead offerings (Spanish: ofrenda) all over the main square of Ciudad Universitaria. Each school builds an offering, and in the center, there is usually a large offering made according to a theme corresponding to the festivities of the university for that year.
Political activism
UNAM students and professors are regarded throughout Mexico as politically aware and politically active. While most of its students usually adhere to left-wing political ideologies and movements, the university has also borne a number of prominent right-wing and neoliberal politicians, such as Carlos Slim, Carlos Salinas de Gortari and Manuel Gómez Morín.
UNAM's history has made it a strong advocate of minorities, especially women in tech. The school of engineering has organized along with Google some of the largest all Latina Hackathons. UNAM along with Google has organized large scale Latina Hackathons.
Student associations
The UNAM contains several associations of current students and alumni that provide extra-curricular activities to the whole community, enriching the university's activities with cultural, social, and scientific events.
- Fundación UNAM
- Nibiru Sociedad Astronomica
- SAFIR
Noted alumni
Many of the most prominent figures in the economical, political, scientific, and artistic life in Mexico were members of the UNAM alumni or faculty:
World Presidents
- Abel Pacheco (President of Costa Rica 2002-2006)
- Alfonso Portillo (President of Guatemala 2000-2004)
- Carlos Salinas de Gortari (President of Mexico 1988-1994)
- José López Portillo y Pacheco (President of Mexico 1976-1982)
- Luis Echeverría (President of Mexico 1970-1976)
- Miguel Alemán Valdés (President of Mexico 1946-1952)
- Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado (President of Mexico 1982-1988)
Politicians
- Abel Pacheco (President of Costa Rica)
- Alan Cranston (U.S. Senator from California)
- Alfonso Portillo (President of Guatemala)
- Álvaro García Linera (Vice-President of Bolivia)
- Alejandro Encinas (Mayor of Mexico City)
- Andrés Manuel López Obrador (Head of Government of the Federal District from 2000 to 2005, candidate for the Presidency of Mexico in 2006 and 2012)
- Antonio Carrillo Flores (Cabinet Minister in several previous administrations, 1929, 1950)
- Roberto Madrazo, (Politician and PRI candidate for presidency in 2006)
- Carlos Mendoza Davis (Baja California Sur politician)
- Fernando Baeza Melendez (Senator and Governor of Chihuahua)
- Luis Félix López (Secretary of Government of Ecuador)
- Manlio Fabio Beltrones Rivera (Deputy, Senator and Governor of Sonora)
- Miguel Ángel Mancera (current Head of Government of the Federal District)
- Mark Kirk (U.S. Senator from Illinois, did not graduate)
- Rosario Robles (Mexican politician who serves as the Secretary of Social Development)
- Santiago Creel (senator)
- Veton Surroi (Kosovo publicist and leader of the Kosovar Party ORA)
Diplomats
- Alfonso García Robles (Treaty of Tlatelolco impeller, Nobel Prize laureate in Peace)
- Antonio Carrillo Flores (Ministry of Mexican Foreign Affairs during the Díaz Ordaz administration)
- Jaime Torres Bodet (writer and politician, UNESCO Director-General (1948-1952))
- Narciso Bassols (former ambassador to Russia, France, and Great Britain; former director of UNAM's School of Law)
- Marco Antonio Garcia Blanco (Ambassador of Mexico to Nigeria)
- Rosario Green (Ministry of Mexican Foreign Affairs during the Zedillo administration)
Artists, writers, and humanists
- Abraham Cruzvillegas (artist)
- Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez (philosopher and writer)
- Agustín Landa Verdugo (architect and urban planner)
- Alejandro Rossi (philosopher and writer)
- Alfonso Caso y Andrade (archaeologist)
- Alfonso Cuarón (film director, winner of the Academy Award for Best Director in 2014)
- Alfonso García Robles (Treaty of Tlatelolco impeller, Nobel Prize laureate in Peace)
- Alfonso Reyes (writer, philosopher, and diplomat)
- Ana Colchero (actress)
- Audre Lorde (writer, poet and activist)
- Ayako Tsuru (mural artist)
- Bolívar Echeverría (Ecuadorian writer and philosopher)
- Carlos Fuentes (writer, essayist, and a member of El Colegio Nacional)
- Carlos Monsiváis (editorialist and writer)
- Carmen Aristegui (journalist)
- Chespirito (screenwriter, creator of the sitcoms El Chavo del Ocho and El Chapulín Colorado)
- Eduardo Pareyón Moreno (archaeologist)
- Elena Poniatowska (journalist and writer)
- Fernando del Paso (writer)
- Francisco Laguna Correa (writer)
- Federico Reyes Heroles (political writer)
- Horst Matthai Quelle (philosopher)
- Jacobo Zabludovsky (lawyer, journalist, and first TV anchorman in Mexico)
- Javier Solorzano (journalist)
- Jorge Volpi (novelist and essayist; current director of Canal 22 in Mexican free television)
- José Emilio Pacheco (writer and a member of El Colegio Nacional)
- Juan García Esquivel (musician)
- Juan Rulfo (writer)
- Julio Estrada (composer, writer, and UNAM scholar)
- Julio Scherer García (Mexican author and journalist. He was the editor of the daily newspaper Excélsior)
- Ilse Gradwohl (painter)
- Maruxa Vilalta (dramatist)
- Octavio Paz (poet and essayist; Nobel laureate in Literature)
- Ricardo Legorreta (laureated architect)
- Rosa Beltrán (writer, lecturer and academic)
- Salvador Elizondo (writer and a member of the Colegio Nacional)
- Subcomandante Marcos (aka - "Rafael Sebastián Guillén Vicente " - Zapatista spokesperson)
- Teodoro González de León (architect)
- Veronica Castro (movie star)
- William F. Buckley (writer and political philosopher; attended in 1943 prior to being commissioned in the U.S. Army during the World War II)
Physicians and surgeons
- Carlos Fernández del Castillo (specialist in pancreatic diseases, pancreatobiliary surgery, gastrointestinal surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital, USA)
- Fernando Antonio Bermúdez Arias (prominent physician, cardiologist, scientist, writer, teacher, historian, artist, and social defender)
- Ignacio Chávez (prominent Mexican physician, founded the first cardiology area in the General Hospital of Mexico. He was the rector of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (1965-1966). Founded several Mexican institutions in Cardiology and he was appointed honorary doctor or rector of 95 universities around the world. He was a founding member of El Colegio Nacional (1943).)
- Jorge Calles-Escandón (endocrinologist, specializing in thyroid biopsy, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and insulin pumps at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, USA)
- Gerardo Jiménez Sánchez (pediatrician, founding president of the Mexican Society of Genomic Medicine)
- Nora Volkow (director of the National Institute of Drug Abuse)
Scientists
- Antonio Lazcano (biologist and evolutionist, director of The Lynn Margulis Centre for Evolutionary Biology)
- Carlos Frenk (astronomer, a pioneer in simulations of large-scale structures)
- Constantino Reyes-Valerio (chemist and historian who coined the term arte indocristiano and contributed to the discovery of the production of Maya blue pigment)
- Guido Münch (astronomer and director of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy)
- Guillermo Haro (astronomer, co-discoverer of Herbig-Haro objects)
- Jerzy Rzedowski (plant scientist, pioneer in the field of neotropical floristics)
- Jesus Savage, robotics researcher and founder of the Mexican Institute of Robotics
- Luis E. Miramontes (co-inventor of the contraceptive pill)
- Marcos Moshinsky (theoretical physicist)
- Mario Molina (co-discoverer of decomposition of ozone with CFC aerosols, Nobel laureate in Chemistry)
- Miguel Alcubierre (theoretical and computational physicist; see Alcubierre metric)
- Miguel de Icaza (free software programmer)
- Nabor Carrillo Flores (a soil mechanics expert, a nuclear energy advisor and former president of UNAM)
- Rodolfo Neri Vela (the first Mexican in space)
- Salvador Zubirán (physician, founder of the National Institute of Nutrition)
- Víctor Neumann-Lara (pioneer in graph theory in Mexico)
- Ricardo Miledi (neuroscientist, worked on the calcium hypothesis of neurotransmitter release)
Business People
- Carlos Slim (Engineering businessman and the current fourth richest person in the world)
Athletes
- Hugo Sánchez (Mexican football player, Real Madrid C.F., former Mexico national team and UD Almería manager)
- Daniel Vargas (Mexican volleyball player and engineer, played for Pumas, UNAM., and was part of Mexico men's national volleyball team, where he played at the Olympic Games Rio 2016)
- Sergio Hernandez (Mexican volleyball player and coach, head coach of the male volleyball team at Pumas, UNAM., and manager of Mexico men's national volleyball team, where he directed the first Mexican team to make it to the Olympic Games for indoor volleyball.)
Noted faculty
- Max Cetto, architect
- Mónica Clapp, mathematician
- Adolfo Gilly, historian
- Alejandro Corichi, astrophysicist
- Enrique Leff, political ecologist and economist
- Isabel Hubard Escalera, mathematician
- Erich Fromm, philosopher and psychoanalyst
- Florian Luca, mathematician
- Javier Corral Jurado, politician
- Teodoro González de León, architect
- Jorge González Torres, politician
- José Gaos, philosopher
- José Miguel Insulza, a Chilean politician, secretary of the Organization of American States
- Paul Kirchhoff, anthropologist and ethnohistorian
- Larry Laudan, philosopher
- Miguel León-Portilla, historian and Nahuatl language researcher
- Rodolfo Neri Vela, astronaut
- Edmundo O'Gorman, historian and writer
- Kiyoto Ota, sculptor
- Arturo Rosenblueth, physiologist
- Juan José Sánchez Sosa, psychologist
- Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez, a Spanish-born philosopher
- Manuel Sandoval Vallarta, physicist and cosmic ray researcher
- Sara Sefchovich, writer
- Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor, lawyer
Nobel laureates
Mexico's Nobel laureates so far have been alumni of UNAM:
- Alfonso García Robles (alumnus) - Nobel Peace Prize, 1982
- Octavio Paz (alumnus) - Nobel Prize in Literature, 1990
- Mario Molina (alumnus) - Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1995
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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